Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known as Lenin, was born in 1870 into a middle-class family. During his childhood he did not develop any interest in politics, but his revolutionary spirit emerged from the figure of his brother, Aleksandr Ulyanov. In…
Cryptanalysis is the branch of cryptology that studies how to break encryption systems to understand messages when you do not have access to the key. Its origins date back to those of cryptography and its evolution has two phases: the…
There are theories about who was behind the sabotage of the Nord Stream 1 and 2 gas pipelines, but the authorship has not been confirmed. On September 26, 27 and 29, 2022, four leaks were detected in the underwater pipes…
The wounds left by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 were still open in France at the end of the century. Revanchist sentiment against Germany led the counterintelligence services to monitor the correspondence of the embassy in Paris. In September 1894,…
Between 1788 and 1808, the reign of Charles IV was a period of economic and political crisis for the Spanish monarchy. The failure of several crops at the end of the 18th century slowed economic growth, and the outbreak of…
Militarism is the doctrine by which the armed forces exert a dominant influence on a nation, its government, and its politics. It is also presented as the exaltation of the military over the civilian population and the prevalence of their…
The dissolution of Czechoslovakia was the division of that country in 1993 into the current Czech Republic and Slovakia. Due to its peaceful nature, it was known as the “Velvet Divorce”, which followed in the wake of the Velvet Revolution…
Following the news about the interest of the United States in acquiring the territory of Greenland, Lorraine has raised us through the form of EOM explains questions about the way in which the sale of territory between States works. With…
Somaliland is a northern territory of Somalia that proclaimed itself an independent country in 1991. It has its own currency, constitution, army or passport, but the international community considers it a region of the Federal Republic of Somalia. That is,…
When Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain in 1808, opponents of his brother Joseph Bonaparte’s government organized the Central Junta, which assumed sovereignty of the nation. Taking advantage of the collapse of Bourbon absolutism, they convened general and extraordinary Cortes in what…